Python is my first and favorite programming language. I like it for any general use programs that I create (cmdline or gui).My main use for python like most people is data science. Python is great for getting data(request library/good api coverage), manipulating data(pandas dataframes/ builtin generators), visualizing(matplotlib),and creating machine learning/deep learning models(scikit-learn. pytorch, tensorflow).
JavaScript is the langauge of the web, and should only be used as such. Since I do a good amount of web dev, I have become customed to it. It is a pretty divesive/controversial langauge, but I am extremly indiffrent to it. In the browser or use as a frontend it does its job well. My problem is when the language tries to expand to other areas in programming.
My foundation in tech is in Linux, thus I've learned how create posix compliant scripts. Posix scripts are done in shell/bash/or even zsh which I prefer as my main command line shell. One of the reasons I love Linux and unix-like os's is the automation power of different tasks. I always reconmend novice programmers learn how use Linux and script in POSIX
I consider C the latin of programming languages because C has influenced most of modern programming languages and programming itself. Anyone who serously wants to become great at programming or get paid to program should know C. Learning C will help learn and understand other languages must easier.
Rust is the hot new language and it definitly derserves the rep. It is a low level language that is dethroing C++ with rich memeory safe features. Rust's package manager Cargo is also pretty great. Another big claim to fame is Rust becoming the 2nd programming language used in the Linux Kernel.
All I will say about java is I had to learn it in college, and I am not the biggest fan of the language.